natural disasters: 2010

martes, 1 de junio de 2010

natural disasters

hello we are the students of 4 ° E on behalf of our team is unnamed. we will talk about natural disasters our team is made up of star which is the representative adilene roberto which is also integrating it subrepresntante ulice, rodrigo, david, angel, July fernando good about us we hope will be useful information that we will be presented.

desastres naturals

Disasters are intense alterations of persons, property, services and the environment, an event caused by natural or manmade, that exceed the response capacity of the affected community.
CLASSIFICATION .-
Using the criterion of the Organization of the United Nations (UN), disasters are disasters are classified as follows:
1) Environmental and
2) Technological Disasters.

NATURAL DISASTERS .-
These are disasters caused by the force of nature. Among these are:
1. DISASTER GENERATED BY DYNAMIC PROCESSES IN THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH .- Coma
a. Earthquakes .- The movements of the earth's crust that generate intense deformation in the rocks inside the Earth, building up energy is suddenly released in waves that shake the earth's surface.
b. Tsunamis .- Movimientode Earth's crust in the ocean floor, forming and propagating waves of great height.
c. Volcanic Eruptions .- It is the passage of material (magma), ash and gases into the earth to the surface.
2. DISASTER GENERATED BY DYNAMIC PROCESSES IN THE SURFACE OF THE LAND .- Como:
a. .- Landslides that occur as a result of sudden or gradual changes in the composition, structure, hydrology and vegetation of an area in decline or incline:
b. Landslides .- It is the fall of a strip of land that loses its stability or destruction of a structure built by man.
c. Landslides .- Mass of snow moves downhill.
d. Floods .- Flows of large volumes of mud, water, ice, friction, caused by the rupture of a pond or a snow slide.
e. Huaycos .- Landslides of mud and rocks due to rainfall, is presented as a stroke of muddy water slides at high speed on dry ravines and low flow dragging rocks and logs.
3. DISASTER GENERATED BY O WATER weather phenomenon .- Como:
a. Floods .- slow or violent invasion of river water, ponds or lakes, river due to heavy rainfall or dam breaks, causing considerable damage. They may occur in slow or plains and violent or sudden high gradient mountain regions.
b. Drought .- deficiency of moisture in the atmosphere by rainfall irregular or inadequate, inappropriate use of groundwater, water tanks and irrigation systems.
c. Frost .- Produced by low temperatures, causing damage to plants and animals.
d. Storms .- atmospheric phenomena produced by electrical discharges in the atmosphere.
e. .- Hail Precipitation in the form of water droplets solid ice.
f. Tornadoes .- Hurricane winds that occur in a rotating at high speeds.
g. Hurricane winds are exceeding .- plus 24 km / h as a result of the airecaliente intracción, moist Pacific Ocean is cold air.
4. ORIGIN OF BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS .- Como:
a. Pests .- The calamities produced in crops by certain animals.
b. .- The widespread outbreaks of infectious diseases to a large number of people in a particular place.
5. TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTERS .- Como:
a. Fire.
b. Explosions.
c. Chemical Spills.
d. Environmental Pollution.
e. Wars.
f. Subversion.
g. Terrorism.

DISASTER IN THE TOWN COMMON
Among the natural phenomena causing disasters are more common in Arequipa, we have:
1. Huayco .- These phenomena come to be the landslide of muddy water bodies, taking the beds of streams.
The landslides announce their presence with loud noise, and have a destruction that could disrupt poderde towns, fields, roads, etc..
MEASURES .-
We have the following:
a. Do not build their homes near the gullies.
b. Evacuate to higher ground.
c. Rational utilization of water and food reserves.
d. Assist victims.
e. To guard against repetition of the phenomenon.
2. SEISMIC MOVEMENTS .- The vibrational motions of the earth's crust and are basically two: the tremors and earthquakes.
Tremors .- The earthquakes of low intensity and short duration. The effects are also mild.
a. Earthquakes .- The strong earthquakes of intensity and long duration, landslides and mudslides caused by materials inside the earth or by volcanic activity effects. The effects are devastating.
Earthquakes are measured by their magnitude and intensity. Owing to its size most commonly used scale is the Richter scale.
Earthquakes generally have a magnitude between O and 9 degrees.

MEASURES .-
The most important are:
a. Before the quake, keep in mind where they are located the areas of security.
b. At the time of the emergency, we should act calmly. avoid creating panic in others.
c. Scroll and lead others to safety zones.
d. Stay away from dangerous places, poles, cables, old buildings, etc.
e. After the earthquake remain calm and observe the following conduct, avoid negative rumors, away from fallen wires. not to enter damaged buildings, help pick up debris, etc..
3. Slides and collapses .- The violent displacement of large masses of soil and rocks.
These destructive phenomena occur due to excessive moisture, as a result of heavy rains and the steep slope of the soil, which allow the occurrence of an event of this nature.
Landslides and floods often occur in interprovincial roads, so rough and uneven soil causing great damage in transport in general.
MEASURES .-
It should take the following measures:
a. Learn about the presence of rainfall in the months from December to April and mainly in the region of the Sierra.
b. Do not build housing and public works in hazardous locations.
c. Upon collapsing or sliding rapidly flee to higher ground and not return for any reason.
d. Stay alert and comply with the authorities.
4. FLOOD .- The slow or violent invasions of the waters of a river, lake, pond, dipping land on the banks of water covering the surrounding areas.
Floods are caused by growth of water flow in a river, lake or lagoon, as a result of rainfall increases. These natural phenomena are causing the destruction of farmland, villages and sometimes leaves a wake that causes infectious diseases and epidemics.

MEASURES .-
We must take the following:
a. Watch for information in rainy weather.
b. As floods are generally predictable, it must coordinate actions to act appropriately.
c. Actively participate in all that is required, coordinating with Civil Defense authorities.
d. After the flood, properly sanitize the entire area to prevent diseases and epidemics.

mexico 1985 earthquake

Reconstruction of the building of the Ministry of Communications and Transport.
He has never known the exact number of victims due to the censorship imposed by the government of Miguel de la Madrid.7 International aid was rejected at first by the president, and is even known that a plane with humanitarian aid of Caritas International overflying the airspace of the International Airport of Mexico City because he was not given permission to land. By order of the first lady, the plane and managed to get international aid to the city to support the Mexican rescue teams, given the magnitude of the disaster, at that time were not overwhelmed. After this incident was that the Federal Government decided to accept international assistance to see surpassed its response capability to such a catastrophe years later made the following findings in this regard:
• Deaths: the government reported the deaths of between 6 and 7 000 people and even got to assume that the final amount was 10 thousand. However, years after the opening of information from various government sources, the record was calculated to be approximately 35 000 dead but there are sources that say that the figure exceeded 40 mil.4 The ballpark Social Security was used to accommodate and recognized bodies. They used ice to slow decomposition of bodies.
• People rescued alive from the rubble were approximately more than 4 mil.8 There were people who were rescued alive from the landslides until ten days after the occurrence of the first sismo.9
• The number of structures destroyed in its entirety was approximately 30 000 and those with partial damage mil.8 68
• The Latin American Tower was an exceptional case because this earthquake engineering not harmed alguno.10
• Among the most emblematic buildings collapsed or partially destroyed during the earthquake were:
o The building of the Joint Urban Nuevo León Nonoalco Tlatelolco
o Buildings A1, B2 and C3 of the Multi-Juarez
or Televicentro (now Televisa Chapultepec)
o Televiteatros (now Centro Cultural Telmex)
o One of the Torres del Conjunto Pino Suárez more than twenty floors that housed government offices (now Commercial Plaza Pino Suárez)
o Regis luxury hotels (now Plaza de la Solidaridad), Carlo D'Prado and located in the area of the Central Alameda
or number of sewing factories in San Antonio Abad (which killed many seamstresses)
• Also include hospitals such as the Juarez Hospital, General Hospital and National Medical Center where rescue came just over 2,000 people despite the collapse that trapped both staff and patients who were in them.
• It is notable that in hospitals collapsed, part of the newborn, some of them in an incubator-rescue was achieved. In particular three infants (two girls and one boy) who were rescued from the rubble of the Juarez Hospital seven days after the earthquake. Those babies were actually known as "The Children / Baby Miracle" or "The Miracle of the Hospital Juárez", the reason for this nickname was that in the seven days they were under the rubble, the babies were all alone, there was no one to give them to eat or drink, no one to give them cover and heat, and despite having everything against them, the three left alive. It is recalled that at the time to rescue the first child (a girl), all the rescuers and workers stopped and even turned off all machinery awaiting the baby's crying, which came moments later, confirming that he was alive.
• As a result, twelve of the multifamily buildings of the urban and nine Nonoalco Multi Tlatelolco Juarez had to be demolished, in the six months were demolished over 152 buildings across the city. We collected two million 388 000 144 m³ of rubble to clear only 103 routes prioritized withdrew one million 500 thousand tons of debris (110 000 600 dump truck trips) 8
• More than one million electricity users were without service, and the three-day event had been restored only 38% of it. Among the damage to this service include transformers 1.300, 5 lines, 8 poles and 600 substations luz.8
• The Metro Public Transport System was affected in 32 seasons. Most service resumed on subsequent days of that month, however the station Isabella did not do so until 4 November that año.8
• The bus service from the old "Route 100" operated freely in time recovery of the city.
• The telephone service of the then state-owned Telmex was free until its privatization in the 90s.
• Health alerts were fired, one of the most transcendent presence of blood (from the quake victims) in samples of drinking water in the entire city network.
• There were water shortages as a result of several faults in the South East Aqueduct with 28 fractures, the primary network 167 and the secondary leakage in 7000 affected 229 fugas.8 drainage: Río La Piedad, 6000 500 meters affected, in lesser extent, the Rio Churubusco. Leaks from the port 9 to the Issuer 14 Central and 300 meters from the Central Interceptor Poniente.8
• More than 516 000 m² of asphalt streets were affected by fractures, cracks and subsidence (equivalent to over 80 kilometers of a road from one lane). The old tram rails in the Colonia Roma, they left the tarmac. Also affected were destroyed and more than 85 thousand square meters of sidewalks (about size 12 tennis area the size of the Estadio Azteca), plus their respective fittings (37 000 744 m) 0.8
• There was no external communication via phone because its structure was severely damaged. It was not until March 1986 that was restored to full service domestic and international long distance. Because of this, the number of telegrams and telex added 685 000 466, while those reported by radio and television were over 39 mil.8
• The number of jobs lost by the earthquake is estimated at between 150 and 200 mil.8
• It creates the civil group "Rescue Brigade Topos Tlatelolco" rescue group that has aided the people even internationally arriving today to take part in the rescue of the Indian Ocean earthquake of 2004, a phenomenon that generated a tsunami tidal wave known as Haiti and the 2010 earthquake.

The Worst Natural Disasters in Mexico

Climate change is one of the recurring themes today. The phenomenon is undoubtedly the result of several centuries of human activity, mainly from the processing and exploitation of natural resources on which their depletion is never anticipated, nor the impact that would cause environmental imbalance.

From the 70's and as a prelude to the disasters to come, in different cities around the world began to appreciate the phenomenon of air pollution, leading some countries to warn about the need to reduce pollutants discharged gases into the atmosphere, called that very few listened.

In Mexico, the ravages of global warming and environmental imbalance has been evident for several decades. The worst natural disasters begin to register with seismic and climatic events. On September 19, 1985, the City of Mexico in particular, experienced a disaster that marked the country's history, thousands of people died under the rubble of dozens of buildings due to a first tremor of 8.1 degrees on the Richter scale , and a replica of lower intensity the next day.

In 1988, almost three years later, Hurricane Gilbert slammed into Mexico's Gulf coast, causing damage mainly in the Yucatan. The hurricane destroyed more than 50% of beaches running with services and infrastructure.

In 1995, Hurricane Henriette made landfall in Sinaloa Cabo San Lucas, forcing the intervention of the units of the Secretariat of National Defense to provide assistance to victims, and in the same year Hurricane Ismael touched port in Topolobampo. In the same year in October, the country experienced an earthquake off the coast of Guerrero, Oaxaca, Jalisco and Colima. In September 1997.The same areas of Oaxaca and Acapulco felt the brunt of Hurricane Paulina.

In the sense of the costs incurred by natural disasters, according to the Mexican Association of Insurance Institutions and the compensation that insurers have had to make, the following is a list of the costliest disasters:

1 .- Hurricane Wilma (2005) 1.752 million dollars

2 .- Floods in Tabasco (2007) 700 mdd

3 .- Hurricane Gilbert (1997) 567 mdd

4 .- Earthquake DF (1985) 473 mdd

5 .- Hurricane Isidore (2002) 308 mdd

6 .- Hurricane Emily (2005) 302 mdd

7 .- Hurricane Stan (2005) 228 mdd

8 .- Hurricane Kenna (2002) 176 mdd

9 .- Hurricane Juliette (2001) $ 90m

10 .- Hurricane Pauline (1997) 62 mdd

Recent natural disasters

Die 780 000 people in the last decade due to natural disasters
A study released by the UN reports that natural disasters were duplicated in the last 10 years
... Natural disasters of that organization, in the last decade occurred in 3800 worldwide natural disasters, which cost the lives of 780,000 people. of this number of victims of natural disasters, 60% of them were caused by earthquakes. In this connection, the UN has indicated that earthquakes are a serious threat to millions of people, and that eight of the world's most populous cities are built on failure of the crust: Tokyo, Mexico City, New York, Bombay, New Delhi, Shanghai, Calcutta and Jakarta. On the other hand, hurricanes have been responsible for 22% of the deaths, while high temperatures have caused the death of 11% of the victims. Alarmingly, beyond the terrible figures handcaft to more than one, is that these numbers were doubled compared to the previous decade. reason that researchers expressed alarm climatic disasters. These data, coupled with the recent disaster in Haiti and the total failure of the summit in Copenhagen, has opened the eyes of the population and has highlighted the dissatisfaction of people with the measures and standards adopted to try to defend the planet. thereby, an international survey conducted ...

The earthquake in 2010 Haiti

The earthquake in 2010 Haiti was registered on January 12, 2010 at 16:53:09 local time (21:53:09 UTC) with epicenter at 15 km from Port au Prince, Haiti's capital. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the quake would have had a magnitude of 7.0 degrees and would have accrued at a depth of 10 kilómetros.5 There has also been a series of aftershocks, the strongest being that of 5.9, 5.5 and 5.1 degrees. NOAA dismissed the danger of a tsunami in the zona.6 This earthquake was the strongest recorded in the area since happened in 1770. The quake was felt in nearby countries such as Cuba, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic, where it caused fear and precautionary evacuations.
The effects caused on this country, the poorest in Latin America, [citation needed] have been devastating. The bodies recovered on 25 January than 150,000, calculated that the death toll could reach 200.000.7 8 also would have produced more than 250,000 wounded and left a million homeless people. It is considered one of the most serious humanitarian disasters of historia.9
or
Historical Background
The island's Spanish, shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic, is active and has experienced seismic significant and devastating earthquakes in the past.
An earthquake shook her in 1751 when it was under French control in 1770 and another earthquake measuring 7.5 on the Richter scale devastated Puerto Principe for completo.10 11 According to the French historian Moreau de Saint-Méry (1750-1819) , "while building suffered no damage in Port-au-Prince during the earthquake of October 18, 1751, the whole town collapsed during the earthquake of June 3, 1770" 12
The city of Cap Haitien and other northern Haiti and the Dominican Republic, were destroyed by the earthquake of May 7, 1842.13
In 1887 and 1904 there were two earthquakes, one per year in northern Iraq, causing "major damage" 14
In 1946, an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 occurred in the Dominican Republic, which also affected Haiti. This earthquake produced a tsunami that killed personas.15 1790
An earthquake prevention study carried out in 1992 by C. DeMets and M. Wiggins-Grandison established as a conclusion the possibility that the failure of Enriquillo could be the end of its seismic cycle and predicted a scenario, at worst, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake, similar in magnitude to the earthquake in Jamaica 1692.16
Paul Mann, a study team presented in 2006 a risk assessment in the failure of Enriquillo at the 18th Caribbean Geological Conference in March 2008. Given the heightened tension, the team recommended "high priority" historical studies of earthquakes, such as failure, which was completely blocked and had recorded some earthquakes in the past 40 años.17 An article published in the Journal Le Matin of Haiti in September 2008 showed the comments cited by the geologist Charles Patrick that he had a high risk of increased seismic activity in Puerto Príncipe.18
Details and immediate consequences

Map of earthquake intensity on the Mercalli scale according to USAID.
The earthquake occurred inland, the January 12, 2010, approximately a distance of 15 km southwest of Port au Prince and at a depth of 10 km, at 16: 05.19 UTC-53 had a magnitude of 7.0 on the scale Richter and felt with an intensity of grade IX on the Mercalli scale seismic Puerto Príncipe.20 also recorded in Cuba, Jamaica, Venezuela and the neighboring country of Republic Dominicana.21 The U.S. Geological Survey had registered to least six aftershocks within two hours after the main earthquake. Measured about 4.825 and 5,9,22 5,5,23 5,1,24 4,5.26 During the first nine hours there have been 26 aftershocks larger than 4.2 in different parts of the Tiburon Peninsula, of which twelve are higher than 5,0.27
On Wednesday, January 20th at 11:03:44 UTC a strong aftershock of 6,1,28 then corrected to 5.929 degrees on the Richter scale. Was recorded at 60 kilometers west of Port au Prince and was felt in the Haitian capital, according to the United States.30 Geological Just during the earthquake, the Twitter microblogging network came abajo.31
The earthquake occurred near the northern edge of the Caribbean tectonic plate, which moves continuously and slowly eastward 20 mm per year in relation to the North American plate and pierces right through the middle of the island of Spanish. The system failure or transverse tear formed in the region like the San Andreas fault in California, United States, has two branches in Haiti, the ruling northern, north, and the failure of Enriquillo in the south. Seismic data suggest that the earthquake was about the failure of Henriot, who was under pressure for 240 years, accumulating a lot of potential energy, which sparked a major earthquake finally releasing energy equivalent to the explosion of 200 000 kilos of trinitrotoluene (dynamite) 32
According to a member of the U.S. Geological Survey, based on the size and location of the quake, about three million people were affected, 33 although exact details will be forthcoming because of the extent of the damage.
The Center for the Pacific Tsunami Warning issued a tsunami warning after the earthquake for Haiti, Cuba and the Dominican Republic, which was canceled shortly thereafter. However, the Government of Cuba gave the order to evacuate all coastal populations, especially the eastern town Baracoa.34
The earthquake has been described as the largest earthquake recorded in Haiti two hundred años.33 One of the consequences of the earthquake was the collapse of all telephone lines, 33 being essential to use the Internet, using social networks like Twitter and Facebook, websites as YouTube video, e-mails and web transmissions of radio and television. Social networks in particular have been widely used for the collection and dissemination of information and pictures of suceso.35
Haiti is the poorest country of America, characterized by having about 80% of its population below the poverty line (54% live in extreme poverty), a subsistence economy, ie practically live to eat; remittances received from migrants represent 40% of its GDP benefit to just over 900 000 familias.36 This country is ranked 149 of 182 countries by Human Development Index, which raises concerns especially in the ability of hospitals and basic health and first aid to deal with a seismic disaster of this magnitude.

Earthquake

An earthquake, earthquake or earthquake also called (from the Greek "σεισμός" tremor) or tierra1 tremor is a shaking of the ground which is produced by the collision of tectonic plates and the release of energy in the course of a sudden reorganization of materials Earth's crust to overcome the state of mechanical equilibrium. The most important and frequently occur when the stored elastic potential energy released in the gradual deformation of rocks adjacent to an active fault plane, but can also occur for other reasons, for example about volcanic processes, by collapse of karst cavities or landslides.
•
Origin
The origin of earthquakes is in the accumulation of energy that occurs when materials inside the earth move, seeking the balance from unstable situations are the result of volcanic and tectonic activities, which occur mainly at the edges plate.
Although tectonic and volcanic activities are the main causes of the earthquakes are generated, there are many other factors that may cause: falling rocks on the slopes of the mountains and the collapse of caverns, abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure by cyclones and even human activity. These mechanisms generate events of low magnitude that generally fall in the range of microearthquakes, tremors that can only be detected by seismographs.
Locations
Tectonic earthquakes often occur in areas where the concentration of forces generated by the boundaries of tectonic plates lead to adjustment movements at home and on the surface of the Earth. This is why earthquakes or earthquakes of tectonic origin are closely associated with the formation of geological faults. They usually occur at the end of a cycle called the seismic cycle, which is the period during which strain accumulates in the interior of the Earth would later be released suddenly. This release corresponds to the earthquake, after which the strain begins to accumulate again.
The point within Earth where the earthquake occurs is called the earthquake focus or hypocenter, and the point of the surface is directly perpendicular to the hypocenter, and that, therefore, is the first affected by the shake-receives name epicenter.
In an earthquake can be distinguished:
• hypocenter, deep inner zone where the earthquake occurs.
• epicenter, the surface area perpendicular to the hypocenter, which more strongly affect seismic waves.
The probability of occurrence of earthquakes of a certain size in a given region is given by a Poisson distribution.
Spread

Damage caused by the earthquake of 1960 in Valdivia, Chile. It is the strongest earthquake recorded in the history of mankind, with 9.5 degrees on the Richter scale.
The earthquake is spread by elastic waves (similar to the sound) from the hypocenter. Seismic waves are presented in three main types:
• Longitudinal waves, primary or P: type of body waves that propagate at a speed of between 8 and 13 km / s in the same direction as the vibration of the particles. Circulating inside the Earth, crossing both liquid and solid. They are the first recorded seismographs measuring instruments, hence the name "P".
• Transverse waves, secondary or S: Body waves are slower than the previous ones (between 4 and 8 km / s) and propagated normal to the direction of vibration of the particles. Only pass through solids and recorded in second place in the measuring apparatus.
• Surface waves: they are the slowest of all (3.5 km / s) and are the product of the interaction between P and S waves along the surface of the Earth. Are those that produce more damage. They spread from the epicenter, and are similar to the waves that form on the surface of the sea. Such waves are recorded on seismographs last place.
Geological faults
A fault is a fracture between two blocks of rock, which can slide relative to one another parallel to the fracture. Each of these blocks sudden slip occurs on a condom. There are three types of failures: failures and slip direction, normal faults and reverse faults. Failures are failures vertical direction (or almost vertical) where the blocks move horizontally. This horizontal movement may be of the right side or left side type, depending on whether an observer standing on a block is the block in front moves to the right or left. Normal faults are slanted fractures with blocks that slide vertically, mainly. In this case, the blocks are called roof and floor, the ceiling is the block which lies on the fracture angle. If the roof of the fault moves down, the failure rate is normal. Otherwise, it is a reverse fault. When the movement of the blocks is a combination of horizontal and vertical movement of a fault oblique speech.
Elastic waves

Damage from the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco, USA.
The energy released during an earthquake is spread by the Earth in the form of elastic waves called P waves, S waves and surface waves of Love and Rayleigh. P waves cause the ground to move forward and backward in the same direction in which they propagate (compression waves) produce S waves move perpendicular to the direction of propagation (shear waves) and waves Love and Rayleigh produce horizontal and longitudinal elliptic-soil, respectively. For its ability to pass through the interior of the Earth, P and S waves are also known as body waves. Unlike the latter, as its name implies, only surface waves travel near the earth's surface. The P wave, being the fastest, is the first to register at a seismic station. It spreads through the crust at an average speed of 6 km / s. The S wave is slower and spreads at a speed of approximately 60% of the P wave velocity
Induced Earthquakes
Today it is certain that if injected into the subsurface, either as a result of waste disposal in solution or suspension, or the extraction of hydrocarbons, is raised with a sudden increase in pore pressure, an intensification of seismic activity in regions already under heavy strain. Soon it should better control these earthquakes induced and, therefore, to provide, perhaps, induced small earthquakes could avoid triggering an earthquake of greater magnitude.
Magnitude and Intensity Scales

There were 358.214 earthquakes of varying intensity between 1963 and 1998.
• Richter Scale, also known as local magnitude scale (ML) is an arbitrary logarithmic scale that assigns a number to quantify the effect of an earthquake.
• The scale seismic moment magnitude is a logarithmic scale used to measure and compare earthquakes. It is based on measuring the total energy released in an earthquake. It was introduced in 1979 by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori as the successor to the Richter scale.
• The Mercalli Scale is a seismic 12-point scale developed to assess the intensity of earthquakes through the effects and damage to various structures. Named after the Italian physicist Giuseppe Mercalli.
• Scale-Sponheuer Medvedev-Karnik, also known as MSK and MSK-64, is a macroseismic intensity scale used to assess the strength of earth movements based on the destructive effects on human constructions and the change of appearance the field and in the degree of involvement among the population. Has twelve degrees of intensity, the lowest being the number one, expressed in Roman numerals to avoid the use of decimals.